Mô tả

This course is for everyone who wants to learn about optics: Beginners to experts!

A bit of high school mathematics (trigonometry, equations) is all you need to know to get started!

The fundamental question of optics is: 'What is light?' Is light a ray or a beam that can be fully described by geometry? Is light a wave that can interfere with other waves and can bend around corners? Does light consist of particles that have an energy and a momentum just like electrons or even macroscopic objects like a football? Here, we will discuss all of these approaches based on theory and experiments. I can guarantee that you will learn a lot no matter what your current skill level is. For advanced students: The later lectures about wave and quantum optics are on a university level.

You are kindly invited to join this carefully prepared course in which we derive the following concepts from scratch. I will present examples and have prepared quizzes and exercises for all topics.


Geometrical optics (3 hours)

  • Reflection & Mirrors

  • Refraction & Lenses

  • Applications: Eye, Microscope & Telescope

Wave optics (or physical optics) (8.5 hours)

  • Experiments & Phenomenological description (incl. introduction about derivatives and differential equations)

  • Diffraction, interference & Polarization

  • Theory based on Maxwell’s equations (incl. introduction to complex numbers)

  • Electromagnetic waves in matter: Derivation of the Fresnel equations & Complex refractive indices

Quantum optics (4.5 hours)

  • Photons: Quantum description of light (Photoelectric effect, Compton effect)

  • Applications: LASER & Solar cell

  • Introduction to quantum mechanics

Outlook: Modern optics phenomena



Why me?

My name is Börge Göbel  and I am a postdoc working as a scientist in theoretical physics. Therefore, I use presented concepts very often but I have not forgotten the time when I learned about it and still remember the problems that I and other students had.
I have refined my advisor skills as a tutor of Bachelor, Master and PhD students in theoretical physics and have other successful courses here on Udemy.

I hope you are excited and I kindly welcome you to our course!

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Yêu cầu

Nội dung khoá học

10 sections

Introduction & Overview

3 lectures
Structure of this course
04:29
Light throughout history & Overview of this course
15:32
Download the slides
00:06

Geometrical optics: Reflection & Mirrors

21 lectures
Section intro
00:59
Overview
03:45
Reflection
04:34
Mirrors: Real versus virtual images
07:36
Concave mirrors
05:20
Concave mirrors: Image construction
08:36
Convex mirrors
03:44
Convex mirrors: Image construction
02:46
Calculating the image size for mirrors
04:16
Calculating the image distance for mirrors
08:05
Focal length & Optical power
03:45
Reflecting telescope
02:29
About quizzes and exercises
00:44
Test your knowledge about reflection and mirrors!
11 questions
[Exercises] Geometrical optics: Reflection & Mirrors
04:30
[Solution] Exercise 1: Convex mirror
04:31
[Solution] Exercise 2: Focus of a reflecting telescope
04:12
[Solution] Exercise 3: Spherical versus parabolic mirror
06:53
Speed of light: Fizeau's method
09:02
Section summary & Outlook
03:20
Slides of this section
00:05

Geometrical optics: Refraction & Lenses

22 lectures
Section intro
01:17
[Optional Mathematics] Derivatives
10:34
Overview
02:02
Refraction & Refractive index
04:43
Total reflection
06:57
Fermat's principle
03:48
Snell's law: Refraction derived from Fermat's principle
11:26
Lenses
12:02
Convex lenses
05:27
Concave lenses
02:07
Lensmaker's equation
03:55
Test your knowledge about refraction and lenses!
10 questions
[Exercises] Geometrical optics: Refraction & Lenses
02:55
[Solution] Exercise 1: Refraction from water to glass
05:33
[Solution] Exercise 2: Concave lens
07:41
[Solution] Exercise 3: Proof of equations for image size and length
04:36
Microscope
03:38
Eye
04:44
Optical aberrations
03:19
Dispersion & Colors of light
02:39
Section summary & Outlook
04:34
Slides of this section
00:05

Wave optics: Huygens' principle, phenomenology & Experiments

33 lectures
Section intro
01:35
[Mathematical basics] Partial derivatives
09:23
[Mathematical basics] Basics of differential equations
09:30
Dispersion of light
02:27
Waves: Solution of the wave equation & Mathematical function
13:07
Wave length in different materials
04:26
Refraction of waves
04:03
Superposition of waves: Interference
09:12
Group & Phase velocity of waves
09:09
Standing waves
08:30
Measuring the wave length by interference
07:05
Thin-film interference
12:48
Test your knowledge about waves!
9 questions
[Exercises] Waves
02:09
[Solution] Waves
04:57
[Solution] Interference
02:27
Spherical waves (or circular waves)
10:18
Huygens' principle
04:24
Double-slit experiment
08:35
Diffraction: Single-slit experiment
09:06
Diffraction grating
01:48
Angular resolution limit & Rayleigh criterion
05:23
Test your knowledge about diffraction and the double-slit experiment!
6 questions
Polarization
04:21
Polarizer
03:30
Birefringence
06:13
Polarization by reflection & Brewster angle
04:56
Test your knowledge about polarization!
5 questions
[Exercise] Light as a wave
02:41
[Solution] Double-slit experiment
02:43
[Solution] Polarization
05:30
Section summary & Outlook
04:02
Slides of this section
00:05

Wave optics: Theory based on Maxwell's equations

25 lectures
Section intro
02:14
[Mathematical basics] Nabla operator & Multidimensional derivatives
27:41
[PART 1] Starting with Maxwell's equations
01:15
Maxwell's equations
02:19
[Optional] Origin of Maxwell's equations
19:25
Energy of electromagnetic fields & Poynting vector
09:58
Test your knowledge about Maxwell's equations
5 questions
[PART 2] Continuing with light as a solution to Maxwell's equations in vacuum
01:13
[Mathematical basics] Complex numbers 1/4 - What are complex numbers?
09:25
[Mathematical basics] Complex numbers 2/4 - Addition, subtraction, complex plane
13:08
[Mathematical basics] Complex numbers 3/4 - Multiplication & division
09:37
[Mathematical basics] Complex numbers 4/4 - Exponentials & polar representation
19:43
[Exercises] Complex numbers
00:07
[Solutions] Complex numbers
14:10
Wave equation derived from Maxwell's equations in vacuum
09:35
Discussion: Real versus complex quantities
01:25
Light as an electromagnetic wave: Dispersion relation & Wave packet
08:19
Characterization of electromagnetic waves
06:55
Polarization of light
08:39
Poynting vector: Intensity & Radiation pressure
12:27
[Exercises] Light as an electromagnetic wave
00:07
[Solution] Light as an electromagnetic wave
17:36
Test your knowledge about light as an electromagnetic wave in Maxwells equations
9 questions
Section outro
01:26
Slides of this section
00:05

Wave optics: From Maxwell's equations in matter to the Fresnel equations

31 lectures
Section intro
01:19
[PART 1] Maxwell's equations in matter
00:22
Polarization of matter
03:50
Magnetization of matter
04:58
Maxwell’s equations in matter
05:53
Electric field E, Displacement field D, Magnetic flux B and Magnetizing field H
06:32
Test your knowledge about the Maxwell's equations in matter
3 questions
[PART 2] Fresnel's equations
01:13
Light in a medium
07:54
Light in a medium: Refractive index
03:15
Impedance & Admittance
03:39
Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields
08:07
Wave vectors at an interface
06:47
Reflection of s-polarized light
14:08
Reflection of p-polarized light
06:09
Fresnel equations: Reflectivity & Transmissivity
08:40
[Exercise] Fresnel equations
00:16
[Solution] Fresnel equations: Perpendicular incidence
04:21
[Solution] Fresnel equations: Grazing incidence
03:32
Fresnel equations: Total reflection
09:13
Fresnel equations: Brewster angle
05:23
[PART 3] Complex refractive index
01:11
Attenuation & Opacity
05:47
Complex refractive index derived from a damped harmonic oscillator
15:52
Complex refractive index in gases and thin media
04:36
Typical frequency dependence of the refractive index
04:09
Birefringence & Dichroism
04:59
Waveplates: manipulating polarization - Quarter-wave & Half-wave plates
11:23
Test your knowledge about the Fresnel equations & the refractive index
6 questions
Section outro
01:24
Slides of this section
00:05

Quantum optics: Photons, quantum properties of light & Photoelectric effect

15 lectures
Section intro
01:07
What is light? Summary of the wave-like properties discussed so far
09:20
Photoelectric effect: Light as a particle & Energy of a photon
09:00
Photon: Energy and intensity
01:56
Particle-wave dualism for light and matter
05:06
Heisenberg's uncertainty & Schrödinger's cat: Double-slit experiment revisited
06:10
Black-body radiation & Ultraviolet catastrophe
04:51
Planck's law
08:43
Compton effect
03:34
Momentum of a photon & Explanation of the Compton effect
14:45
Spin of a photon
12:04
Photons versus electrons
05:03
Test your knowledge about the quantum properties of light!
9 questions
Section outro
00:55
Slides of this section
00:05

Solar cells: Photoelectric effect applied to photovoltaics

13 lectures
Section intro
01:35
Solar energy: Photons generated in the sun
07:58
Band structure of semiconductors
12:19
Doping of a semiconductor & P-n junction
05:32
Solar cells
08:53
Band gap determining the figure of merit of a solar cell
13:12
Shockley-Queisser limit of solar cells' efficiency
07:35
Alternative geometries of solar cells
06:03
Test your knowledge about solar cells!
8 questions
[Exercise] Cost efficiency of solar cells
06:16
[Solution] Cost efficiency of solar cells
06:36
Section outro
00:46
Slides of this section
00:05

From absorption & Emission of photons to LASER application

15 lectures
Section intro
01:27
Energy levels of electrons in an atom: Bohr model
02:31
Example: Energy levels of hydrogen and relation to emitted photons
04:09
Absorption, stimulated emission and spontaneous emission of photons
07:49
LASER: Pumping for inversion
04:24
LASER: Resonator
04:08
LASER: Helium-neon as an example
05:06
Coherence of light
02:39
Test your knowledge about LASERs!
4 questions
[Optional] Where do the energy levels come from?
01:25
[Optional] Schrödinger equation
12:41
[Optional] Solving the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom
47:06
[Optional] Discussion of the eigensystem of the hydrogen atom
18:51
Section outro
00:49
Slides of this section
00:05

Modern light phenomena

9 lectures
Section intro
00:37
Fourier optics
08:07
Holography
05:17
Non-linear optics
08:19
Second-harmonic generation
04:48
Section outro
00:39
Slides of this section
00:05
Thank you & Goodbye
00:43
Congratulations! Bonus Content!
00:32

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